Example of a citation with name in the text: “Smith stated that the findings in his experiment were surprising (Smith 30). ” Example of a citation without name in the text: “The findings in this experiment can be described as surprising (30). ”

If the source is a short work—like a journal article, book chapter, or poem—put the title in quotations when citing. If the source is a long work—like a book, play, or even a television show—italicize the title.

In-text citation: “Smith and Jones conducted the experiment with the help of their colleagues (30; vol. 2). ” Parenthetical citation: “The results of the experiment were inconclusive (Smith 30; vol. 2). ”

In-text citation: “Some scientists believe the results of the experiment were inconclusive (A. Smith 13), while others found them to be quite grounded in research (B. Smith 30). ” Parenthetical citation: “Scientists conducting this experiment had differing views on the evidence, some believing the results to be inconclusive and others finding them grounded and quite conclusive (Alex Smith 13; Adam Smith 30). ”

In-text citation: “Smith, Jones, and White suggest that the results to the experiment were inconclusive (30). ” Parenthetical citation: “The authors state, ‘Significant evidence suggests that the results to the experiment were inconclusive (Smith, Jones, and White 30). ’ ”

In-text citation using et al.
“Jones et al. counter Johnson and White’s argument (30). ” In-text citation using all last names: “Jones, Smith, White, and Johnson counter Jackson, McMahon, and Kent’s argument (30). ” Parenthetical citation using et al.
Legal experts counter Smith, Jones, and White’s argument by noting that the current evidence suggests otherwise (Marks et al. 4). Parenthetical citation using all last names: Legal experts counter Smith, Jones, and White’s argument by noting that the current evidence suggests otherwise (Marks et al. 4).

When citing articles and other shorter works, use quotation marks. When citing books and other longer works, italicize the title.

Example of citation: “…as Smith wrote in Experimental Thesis (1: 30-31). ”

When stating the version of the Bible, italicize or underline the title. When stating the specific book from the Bible you are referencing, do not italicize or underline its title. Example of citation: Ezekiel saw “what seemed to be four living creatures,” each with faces of a man, a lion, an ox, and an eagle (King James Holy Bible, Ezek. 1. 5-10).

Name both authors every time you cite this source. An example in-text citation would look like this: “Information gathered by Smith and Jones (2006) indicated that…. ” Parenthetical citation would look like this: “ … (Smith & Jones, 2006). ”

In-text citation for the initial reference: “…Smith, Jones, White, Johnson, and McMahon (2006). ” Parenthetical citation for the initial reference: “(Smith, Jones, White, Johnson, & McMahon, 2006). ” Subsequent referencing for in-text citation: “Information gathered by Smith, et al. (2006). ” Subsequent referencing for parenthetical citation: “(Smith et al. , 1993)”

In-text citation: “Smith et al. (2006) stated…” Parenthetical citation: “(Smith et al. , 2006)”

Cite sources with unknown author. As with MLA style, use the article’s title (or a shortened version of the title) in place of an author’s name: “The experiment yielded multiple results (“Learning Theory,” 2006). ” Titles of web pages, articles, and chapters are cited using quotation marks. Titles of reports and books are italicized.

First citation: (Public Action to Deliver Shelter [P. A. D. S. ], 2006) Second citation: (P. A. D. S. , 2006)

“Discovered by Smith (2006a) during his experimental testing…. ”

In-text citation: Smith stated that he conducted the experiment with the help of colleagues (personal communication, December 2, 2005). Parenthetical citation: “(Smith, personal communication, December 2, 2005). ”

If you come across an electronic source with no author or date provided, use the entire title or the first word or two of the title, plus “n. d. ” to denote “no date”. For electronic sources without page numbers, try to incorporate as much information as possible that would help the reader find the text being referenced.